Speaking and Writing Strategies for TOEFL iBT.

2009. — 394 p.

Increase your TOEFL iBT score by increasing your speaking and writing scores. How? By using the strategy called argument mapping. Why argument mapping? Because the TOEFL iBT speaking and writing sections are all argument-based tasks. That means if you want high speaking and writing scores, you must know how to map out (develop and deliver) spoken and written arguments, quickly and proficiently. With argument mapping, you will be able to do just that. Best of all, you can apply argument mapping to all six speaking tasks and both writing tasks. That means you will spend less time reading about strategies and more time practicing them.

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CONTENTS
DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT 1
Arguments and the TOEFL iBT 1
What is an Argument? 1
Personal-Opinion Argument: Deduction 2
Rhetorical Strategies 4
Personal-Opinion Argument: Induction 7
Developing Your Opinion 8
Fact-Based Argument: Deduction 11
Fact-Based Argument: Induction 13
Coherence = A High Score 14
Argument Mapping 14
G+3TiC=C 15
TASK ORDER 19
WRITING TASKS
INDEPENDENT ESSAY 21
G+3TiC=C 21
Basic Independent Essay 22
Agree-Disagree Prompts 22
OPDUL=C 26
Preference Prompts 37
Compare - Contrast Prompts 40
Advantage-Disadvantage Prompts 49
Advantage Prompts 52
Disadvantage Prompts 54
Reason Prompts 55
Quality Prompts 63
Writing Practice 66
Advanced Introduction Strategies 67
Simple Hooks 67
Complex Hooks 68
Advanced Thesis Strategies 72
Pre dictor Thesis 72
Writing a Pre dictor Thesis 73
Predictor Thesis: Parallelism 74
Gerund Predictor Thesis 75
Predictor Thesis: Using Synonyms 76
1. Predictor Thesis: Whento Write 77
2. Predictor Thesis: Whento Write 79
Advanced Conclusion Strategies 82
Advanced Independent Essays 87
Emergency Independent Essay 95
Contrarian Independent Essay 97
Writing Practice 99
What Have You Learned? 100
INTEGRATED ESSAY 101
Argument-Counter Argument Essay 102
OPDUL=C 102
ETS's Testing Method 103
1. Argument-Counter Argument Essay: Step-by-Step 105
The Black-and-White Rule 113
Organization: Point-by-Point Style 117
Organization: Block Style 119
Paraphrasing 121
2. Argument-Counter Argument Essay: Step-by-Step 125
Three Common Problems 131
Writing Practice 136
Show-Support Essay 141
Show Support Essay: Step-by-Step 144
Writing Practice 150
Emergency Integrated Essay 152
What Have You Learned? 157
SPEAKING TASKS
SPEAKING TASK ONE 159
Independent Task: Single-Question Prompt 159
OPDUL=C 161
Delivery 161
Speaking Subjectively 162
Basic Response 162
1. Basic Response: Step-by-Step 162
Rating Yourself. 166
Rating in a Class 167
How Long Should My Response Be? 167
2. Basic Response: Step-by-Step 168
3. Basic Response: Step-by-Step 172
Four Common Problems 174
Help! - My Response is Too Long! 177
Help! - My Response is Too Short! 178
Advanced Strategies 180
Advanced Introduction Strategies 182
Predictor Thesis 184
The Rhetorical Why 187
Advanced Conclusion Strategies 188
Advanced Responses 192
Emergency Response 197
Contrarian Response 198
Speaking Practice 199
What Have You Learned? 200
SPEAKING TASK TWO 201
Independent Task: Paired-Choice Prompt 201
1. Agree-Disagree Prompt: Step-by-Step 202
2. Agree-Disagree Prompt: Step-by-Step 205
Support-Don't Support Prompt: Step-by-Step 207
Preference Prompt: Step-by-Step 209
Argument-Counter Argument: Step-by-Step 210
Advantage-Disadvantage: Step-by-Step 212
Speaking Practice 214
What Have You Learned? 216
SPEAKING TASK THREE 217
Integrated Task: Read-Listen-Speak 217
OPDUL=C 218
ETS's Testing Method 218
Developing a Response: Step-by-Step 220
How Long Should My Response Be? 227
Five Common Problems 229
Help! - My Response is Too Long! 230
Help! - My Response is Too Short! 231
Emergency Response 233
Speaking Practice 235
What Have You Learned? 241
SPEAKING TASK FOUR 243
Integrated Task: Read-Listen-Speak 243
ETS's Testing Method 243
Developing a Response: Step-by-Step 245
How Long Should My Response Be? 252
Four Common Problems 255
Emergency Response 256
Speaking Practice 257
What Have You Learned? 262
SPEAKING TASK FIVE 263
Integrated Task: Listen-Speak 263
ETS's Testing Method 263
Developing a Response: Step-by-Step 266
How Long Should My Response Be? 275
Contrarian Response 277
Three Common Problems 278
Emergency Response 282
Speaking Practice 283
What Have You Learned? 285
SPEAKING TASK SIX 287
Integrated Task: Listen-Speak 287
ETS's Testing Method 287
Developing a Response: Step-by-Step 289
How Long Should My Response Be? 297
Three Common Problems 299
Emergency Response 303
Speaking Practice 304
What Have You Learned? 306
APPENDIX
SCORING 307
Independent Essay Proficiency Checklist 310
Independent Essay Rating Guide 312
Integrated Essay Proficiency Checklist 314
Integrated Essay Rating Guide 316
Independent Speaking Proficiency Checklist 318
Independent Speaking Rating Guide 320
Integrated Speaking Proficiency Checklist 322
Integrated Speaking Rating Guide 324
EXERCISES 326
Identifying Rhetorical Strategies 326
Identifying Opinions 327
Checking for Parallelism 328
Gerund Predictors 329
ANSWER KEY 330
Identifying Rhetorical Strategies 330
Identifying Opinions 330
Checking for Parallelism 331
Gerund Pre dictors 332
INDEPENDENT ESSAY RATINGS 333
Agree-Disagree Prompt 333
Preference Prompt 333
Compare - Contrast Prompt 333
Advantage-Disadvantage Prompt 334
Advantage Prompt 335
Disadvantage Prompt 335
Reason Prompts 336
Quality Prompt 338
Advanced Independent Essays 338
INTEGRATED ESSAY RATINGS 339
SPEAKING TASK RATINGS 340
Audio Scripts 343
Glossary 379
Also From Nova Press 382

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