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Îáùåîáðàçîâàòåëüíûå |
Íàíîòåõíîëîãèè. Àçáóêà äëÿ âñåõ. Ïîä
ðåä. Òðåòüÿêîâà Þ.Ä.
Ì.: Ôèçìàòëèò, 2008.—
368 ñ.
Ýòà êíèãà àäðåñîâàíà øèðîêîìó êðóãó ÷èòàòåëåé,
íà÷èíàÿ ñî øêîëüíèêîâ è äîìîõîçÿåê è çàêàí÷èâàÿ íàó÷íûìè ñîòðóäíèêàìè è
êàáèíåòîì ìèíèñòðîâ ÐÔ, æåëàþùèõ îçíàêîìèòüñÿ ñ ñîâðåìåííûìè òåíäåíöèÿìè è
ðàçîáðàòüñÿ â çíà÷åíèè ìîäíîãî ñåãîäíÿ ñëîâà «íàíîòåõíîëîãèÿ».  ýòîé êíèãå
àâòîðû ïîñòàðàëèñü íàèáîëåå ïðîñòî èçëîæèòü ñëîæíûå äàæå äëÿ ó÷åíûõ òåðìèíû è
ïîíÿòèÿ, íàèáîëåå ÷àñòî âñòðå÷àþùèåñÿ â ÑÌÈ è íàó÷íîé ëèòåðàòóðå.
Àçáóêà - ïåðâàÿ êíèãà, êîòîðóþ äåðæàë â ðóêàõ ëþáîé
ãðàìîòíûé ÷åëîâåê. Ìû ïîïûòàëèñü äîñòóïíî ðàññêàçàòü î íàó÷íûõ, èíäóñòðèàëüíûõ è
ñîöèàëüíûõ àñïåêòàõ òîãî, ÷òî íàçûâàþò ñåé÷àñ íàíîòåõíîëîãèÿìè è íàíîìàòåðèàëàìè.
Íàñòîÿùàÿ êíèæêà ðàññ÷èòàíà íà ëþáîãî ÷èòàòåëÿ, âêëþ÷àÿ øêîëüíèêîâ ñòàðøèõ
êëàññîâ, ëþäåé, äåëàþùèõ ïîëèòèêó èëè áèçíåñ â íàøåé ñòðàíå, ñòóäåíòîâ è
àñïèðàíòîâ, èíæåíåðîâ è ó÷èòåëåé, òî åñòü íà âñåõ, êòî õî÷åò õîòÿ áû äëÿ ñàìîãî
ñåáÿ ðàçîáðàòüñÿ ñî ñòàâøèìè ìîäíûìè ñåé÷àñ òåðìèíàìè, Ðîññèè óæå ñåãîäíÿ íóæíû
ñïåöèàëèñòû, ñïîñîáíûå ýôôåêòèâíî ðàáîòàòü â ýòîé îáëàñòè, Ìû íàäååìñÿ, ÷òî
ïîñëå îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ñ "àçáóêîé äëÿ âñåõ" ÷èòàòåëè áóäóò îáúåêòèâíî è áåç îïàñêè
ñìîòðåòü íà òðèóìôàëüíîå øåñòâèå íàíîòåõíîëîãèé â XXI âåêå.
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4
Ïðåäèñëîâèå ãëàâíîãî ðåäàêòîðà 6
Ââåäåíèå 9
À
ÀÌÔÈÔÈËÜÍÛÅ ÑÎÅÄÈÍÅÍÈß ( Amphiphilic compounds ) 29
ÀÒÎÌÍÎ-ÑÈËÎÂÀß ÌÈÊÐÎÑÊÎÏÈß (ÀÑÌ) ( Atomic force microscopy , AFM ) 31
Á
ÁÈÎÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÛ ( Biomaterials ) 34
ÁÈÎÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÛ ( Biomaterials ) 34
ÁÈÎÌÈÌÅÒÈÊÀ ( Biomimetics ) 36
ÁÈÎÍÀÍÎÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ (Bionanotechnology) 39
ÁËÎÊ-ÑÎÏÎËÈÌÅÐÛ (Block-copolimers) 41
Â
ÂÈÐÓÑÛ (Viruses) 44
ÂÎÅÍÍÛÅ ÍÀÍÎÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ (Military nanotechnology) 46
Ã
ÃÅÒÅÐÎÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÛ (Heterostrucures) 49
ÃÈÁÐÈÄÍÛÅ ÍÀÍÎÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÛ (Gybrid nanomaterials) 51
ÃÐÀÔÅÍ (Graphene) 53
Ä
ÄÅÌÎÍ ÌÀÊÑÂÅËÀ (Maxwell demon) 56
ÄÅÍÄÐÈÌÅÐÛ (Dendrimers) 59
ÄÈÑÑÈÏÀÒÈÂÍÛÅ ÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÛ (Dissipative structures) 62
Å
ÅÄÈÍÈÖÛ ÈÇÌÅÐÅÍÈß (Units of measurement) 65
Æ
ÆÈÄÊÈÅ ÊÐÈÑÒÀËËÛ (Liquid crystals) 67
ÆÓÐÍÀËÛ ÏÎ ÍÀÍÎÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈßÌ (Journals on nanotechnology) 71
3
ÇÀÊÎÍ ÌÓÐÀ (Moore's law) 73
ÇÀÊÎÍ ÕÎËËÀ-ÏÅÒ×À. ÍÀÍÎÌÅÕÀÍÈÊÀ (Nanomechanics) 75
ÇÎËÜ-ÃÅËÜ ÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈß (Sol-gel technology) 77
È
ÈÍÂÅÑÒÈÖÈÈ Â ÍÀÍÎÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ (Investments in Nanotechnology) 79
ÈÍÑÒÐÓÌÅÍÒÛ ÍÀÍÎÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ (Nanotechnology instruments) 81
ÈÍÒÅÐÍÅÒ-ÑÀÉÒÛ Î ÍÀÍÎÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈßÕ (Nano-Web) 83
ÈÍÒÅÐÍÅÒ-ÎËÈÌÏÈÀÄÀ «ÍÀÍÎÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ - ØÀÃ Â ÁÓÄÓÙÅÅ!»(e-NANO£'07) 85
Ê
ÊÀÍÒÈËÅÂÅÐ (Cantilever) 87
ÊÀÒÀËÈÇ (Catalysis) 89
ÊÂÀÍÒÎÂÎ-ÐÀÇÌÅÐÍÛÅ ÝÔÔÅÊÒÛ (Quantum effects) 92
ÊÂÀÍÒÎÂÛÅ ÊÎÌÏÜÞÒÅÐÛ (Quantum computers) 95
ÊÂÀÍÒÎÂÛÅ ÍÈÒÈ (Quantum wires) 97
ÊÂÀÍÒÎÂÛÅ ÒÎ×ÊÈ (Quantum dots) 99
ÊÎËËÎÈÄÍÛÅ ×ÀÑÒÈÖÛ (colloid Nanoparticles) 102
ÊÎÑÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ËÈÔÒ (Space elevator) 105
ÊÎÑÌÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ËÈÔÒ (Space elevator) 107
ÊÒÎ ÅÑÒÜ ÊÒÎ Â ÍÀÍÎÍÀÓÊÅ (Who is who in nanoscience) 110
Ë
ËÀÇÅÐÍÀß ÀÁËßÖÈß (Laser Ablation) 114
Ì
ÌÅÆÄÈÑÖÈÏËÈÍÀÐÍÎÑÒÜ (Interdisciplinary) 116
ÌÅÇÎÏÎÐÈÑÒÛÅ ÌÎËÅÊÓËßÐÍÛÅ ÑÈÒÀ (Mesoporous molecular sieves) 119
ÌÅÒÀÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÛ (Metamaterials) 121
ÌÈÊÐÎÝËÅÊÒÐÎÌÅÕÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ (Microelectromechanical systems) 124
ÌÈÖÅËËÛ (Micelles) 128
ÌÎËÅÊÓËßÐÍÀß ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÍÈÊÀ (Molecular electronics) 130
ÌÎËÅÊÓËßÐÍÎ-ËÓ×ÅÂÀß ÝÏÈÒÀÊÑÈß (Molecular Beam Epitaxy) 132
Í
ÍÀÍÎÀÊÒÞÀÒÎÐÛ (Nanoactuators) 134
ÍÀÍÎÁÀÒÀÐÅÉÊÈ (Nanobattery) 137
ÍÀÍÎÁÈÇÍÅÑ (Nanobusiness) 141
ÍÀÍÎÂÅÑÛ (Nanobalance) 143
ÍÀÍÎÂÎËÎÊÍÀ (Nanofibres) 145
ÍÀÍÎÆÈÄÊÎÑÒÈ (Nanofluids) 147
ÍÀÍÎÈÍÄÅÍÒÅÐ (Nanoindentor) 149
ÍÀÍÎÈÍÄÓÑÒÐÈß (Nanoindustry) 151
ÍÀÍÎÊÀÏÑÓËÛ (Nanocapsules) 153
ÍÀÍÎÊÅÐÀÌÈÊÀ (Nanoceramics) 155
ÍÀÍÎÊËÀÑÒÅÐÛ (Nanoclusters) 157
ÍÀÍÎÊËÀÑÒÅÐÛ (Nanoclusters)
ÍÀÍÎÊËÅÉ (Nanoglue) 160
ÍÀÍÎÊÎËÜÖÀ(Nanorings) 162
ÍÀÍÎÊÎÌÏÎÇÈÒÛ (Nanocomposites) 164
ÍÀÍÎÊÐÈÑÒÀËËÛ (Nanocrystals) 166
ÍÀÍÎÊÐÈÑÒÀËËÛ (Nanocrystals) 168
ÍÀÍÎËÈÒÎÃÐÀÔÈß (Nanolithography) 170
ÍÀÍÎÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÛ (Nanomaterials) 173
ÍÀÍÎÌÀØÈÍÛ (Nanocars) 175
ÍÀÍÎÌÅÄÈÖÈÍÀ (Nanomedicine) 178
ÍÀÍÎÌÅÌÁÐÀÍÛ (Nanomembrans) 181
ÍÀÍÎÌÅÒÐ (Nanometer) 184
ÍÀÍÎÌÅÒÐÎËÎÃÈß (Nanometrology) 186
ÍÀÍÎÌÎÄÈÔÈÊÀÒÎÐÛ (Nanomodificators) 188
ÍÀÍÎÍÈÒÈ/ÂÈÑÊÅÐÛ (Nanowires/Whiskers) 191
ÍÀÍÎÎÁÐÀÇÎÂÀÍÈÅ (Nanoeducation) 193
ÍÀÍÎÏÈÍÖÅÒ (Nanotweezer) 196
ÍÀÍÎÏÎËÈÐÎÂÀÍÈÅ (Nanopolishing) 198
ÍÀÍÎÏÎÐÎØÊÈ (Nanopowders) 200
ÍÀÍÎÐÅÌÅØÊÈ (Nanobelts) 202
ÍÀÍÎÐÎÁÎÒÛ (Nanorobots) 204
ÍÀÍÎÑÅÍÑÎÐÛ (Nanosensors) 207
ÍÀÍÎÑÒÅÊËÎ (Nanoglass) 209
ÍÀÍÎÑÒÅÐÆÍÈ (Nanorods 211
ÍÀÍÎÑÒÐÓÊÒÓÐÛ (Nanostructures) 214
ÍÀÍÎÑÔÅÐÍÀß ËÈÒÎÃÐÀÔÈß (Nanospher Lithography) 217
ÍÀÍÎÒÅÐÌÎÌÅÒÐ (Nanothermometer) 220
ÍÀÍÎÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ (Nanotechnology) 222
ÍÀÍÎÒÎÊÑÈ×ÍÎÑÒÜ (Nanotoxicity) 224
ÍÀÍÎÒÐÈÁÎËÎÃÈß (Nanotribology) 226
ÍÀÍÎÔÀÐÌÀÊÎËÎÃÈß (Nanopharmacology) 227
ÍÀÍÎÔÈÇÈÊÀ (Nanophysics) 229
ÍÀÍÎÕÈÌÈß (Nanochemistry) 230
ÍÀÍÎ×ÀÑÒÈÖÛ (Nanoparticles) 231
>ÍÀÍÎÝËÅÊÒÐÎÌÅÕÀÍÈ×ÅÑÊÈÅ ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ (Nanoelectromechanical systems) 233
ÍÀÍÎÝËÅÊÒÐÎÍÈÊÀ (Nanoelectronics 236
ÍÀÍÎÝÌÓËÜÑÈÈ (Nanoemulsions) 238
ÍÀÍÎÝÍÅÐÃÅÒÈÊÀ (Nanoenergetics) 240
ÍÅÓÃËÅÐÎÄÍÛÅ ÍÀÍÎÒÐÓÁÊÈ (Nanotubes) 243
Î
ÎÄÍÎÑÒÅÍÍÛÅ ÍÀÍÎÒÐÓÁÊÈ (ÎÑÍÒ) (Single Wall Nanotubes) 245
ÎÄÍÎÝËÅÊÒÐÎÍÍÛÉ ÒÐÀÍÇÈÑÒÎÐ (Single Electron Transistor) 247
ÎÏÒÈ×ÅÑÊÈÉ ÏÈÍÖÅÒ (Optical tweezers) 249
Ï
ÏÀÒÅÍÒÎÂÀÍÈÅ ÍÀÍÎÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ (Patents In Nanotechnology) 251
ÏËÀÇÌÎÍÍÛÉ ÐÅÇÎÍÀÍÑ (Plasmon Resonance) 254
ÏËÅÍÊÈ ËÅÍÃÌÞÐÀ-ÁËÎÄÆÅÒÒ (Langmuir-Blodgett films) 256
ÏÎÂÅÐÕÍÎÑÒÍÎ-ÀÊÒÈÂÍÛÅ ÂÅÙÅÑÒÂÀ (ÏÀÂ) (Surface active compounds) 259
ÏÜÅÇÎÄÂÈÃÀÒÅËÈ (Piezomotors) 261
Ð
ÐÀÇÌÅÐÍÛÅ ÝÔÔÅÊÒÛ (Size Effects) 263
ÐÎÑÑÈÉÑÊÀß ÊÎÐÏÎÐÀÖÈß ÍÀÍÎÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÉ (ÃÊ «ÐÎÑÍÀÍÎÒÅÕ») (Russian Corporation of
Nanotechnologies (RCNT)) 264
ÐÛÍÎÊ ÍÀÍÎÏÐÎÄÓÊÒÎÂ (Nanomarket) 266
Ñ
ÑÀÌÎÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÀÖÈß (Self-Organization) 268
ÑÀÌÎÎÐÃÀÍÈÇÎÂÀÍÍÛÅ ÌÀÑÑÈÂÛ (Superlattices) 272
ÑÀÌÎÑÁÎÐÊÀ (Self-Assembly) 275
ÑÀÌÎÑÎÁÈÐÀÞÙÈÅÑß ÌÎÍÎÑËÎÈ (Self-Assembled Monolayers) 278
ÑÅÐÀß ÑËÈÇÜ (Grey Goo) 280
ÑÈÍÕÐÎÒÐÎÍÍÎÅ ÈÇËÓ×ÅÍÈÅ (Synchrotron Radiation) 282
ÑÈÑÒÅÌÛ ÍÀÍÎÏÎÇÈÖÈÎÍÈÐÎÂÀÍÈß (Nanopositioning systems) 284
ÑÊÀÍÈÐÓÞÙÀß ÇÎÍÄÎÂÀß ÌÈÊÐÎÑÊÎÏÈß (ÑÇÌ) (Scanning Probe Microscopy) 286
ÑÊÀÍÈÐÓÞÙÀß ÒÓÍÍÅËÜÍÀß ÌÈÊÐÎÑÊÎÏÈß (ÑÒÌ) (Scanning Tunnel Microscopy) 289
ÑÓÏÅÐÏÀÐÀÌÀÃÍÅÒÈÇÌ (Superparamagnetism) 291
ÑÓÏÐÀÌÎËÅÊÓËßÐÍÀß ÕÈÌÈß (Supramolecular Chemistry) 293
Ò
ÒÅÌÏËÀÒÍÛÉ ÌÅÒÎÄ (Template Synthesis) 296
ÒÅÎÐÈß ÎÁÎÐÂÀÍÍÛÕ ÑÂßÇÅÉ (Surface Bond Contraction) 298
ÒÎÍÊÈÅ ÏËÅÍÊÈ (Thin films) 300
ÒÐÀÍÇÈÑÒÎÐ (Transistor) 302
ÒÓÍÍÅËÜÍÛÉ ÝÔÔÅÊÒ (Tunneling Effect 305
Ó
ÓÃËÅÐÎÄÍÛÅ ÍÀÍÎÒÐÓÁÊÈ (Carbon Nanotubes) 307
ÓÌÍÛÅ ÌÀÒÅÐÈÀËÛ (Smart Materials) 310
ÓÑÒÐÎÉÑÒÂÀ ÕÐÀÍÅÍÈß ÈÍÔÎÐÌÀÖÈÈ (Information Storage Devices) 312
Ô
ÔÅÄÅÐÀËÜÍÀß ÖÅËÅÂÀß ÏÐÎÃÐÀÌÌÀ (Federal Target Program) 316
ÔÈÏ-ÍÀÍÎËÈÒÎÃÐÀÔÈß (FIB Nanolithography) 318
ÔÎÒÎÍÈÊÀ (Photonics) 320
ÔÎÒÎÍÍÛÅ ÊÐÈÑÒÀËËÛ (Photonic Crystals) 322
ÔÐÀÊÒÀËÛ (Fractals) 324
ÔÓËËÅÐÅÍÛ (Fullerenes, Bucky-Balls) 327
X
ÕÈÐÀËÜÍÎÑÒÜ (Chirality) 330
Ö
ÖÅÍÒÐÛ ÏÐÅÂÎÑÕÎÄÑÒÂÀ (Centre of excellence) 332
ÖÅÎËÈÒÛ (Zeolites) 334
×
×ÒÎ ×ÈÒÀÒÜ ÏÐÎ ÍÀÍÎÒÅÕÍÎËÎÃÈÈ (Òî Study Nanotechnology: Books) 336
Ø
ØÐÅÄÈÍÃÅÐÀ ÓÐÀÂÍÅÍÈÅ (Schroedinger Equation) 338
ÙÅËÜ ÝÍÅÐÃÅÒÈ×ÅÑÊÀß (ÇÎÍÍÀß ÒÅÎÐÈß ÒÂÅÐÄÎÃÎ ÒÅËÀ) Band gap (Band theory of
solids) 340
Ý
ÝÊÑÈÒÎÍ (Exciton) 342
ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÍÍÀß ÌÈÊÐÎÑÊÎÏÈß (Electron Microscopy) 344
ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÍÍÛÉ HOC (E-nose) 348
ÝËÅÊÒÐÎÍÍÛÉ ßÇÛÊ (E-tongue) 351
Þ
ÞÍÃÀ ÌÎÄÓËÜ (Young's Modulus) 353
ß
ßÄÅÐÍÛÉ ÌÀÃÍÈÒÍÛÉ ÐÅÇÎÍÀÍÑ (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) 355
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