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(9/11)
What
outstanding Russians would you tell your foreign friend about?
What outstanding people of an English -speaking country do you
admire ? What made them famous?
The history of
Russian science and culture abounds in great names in all fields
of science and arts — the humanities, biology, chemistry,
physics, mathematics, music, dance, painting etc. Of all the
famous Russian scientists, there are some whose contribution to
the world science is the most significant one. Among them is
Nikolai Yegorovich Zhukovsky (1847—1921), a famous name in the
field of manned flight. He was a Russian scientist, founding
father of modern aero — and hydrodynamics. Whereas contemporary
scientists didn't take the idea of human flight seriously,
Zhukovsky was the first to undertake the study of airflow.
Another great
name in the field of human flight was K. Tsiolkovsky, a rocket
scientist and pioneer of cosmonautics. Firstly, he created the
theory of space flight and is considered the father of human
space travel. He was the first to calculate that a multistage
rocket fuelled by liquid oxygen and hydrogen is required to
leave the Earth. Among his works are designs of multistage
boosters, space stations biological systems to provide food and
oxygen for space colonies. Secondly, his works influenced and
gave an impetus to the works of German and American scientists
on space exploration, thus forming the foundation of the modern
theory of space travel.
Dmitry Ivanovich
Mendeleyev (1834—1907) was a Russian chemist who is credited as
being the primary creator of the first version of the periodic
table of elements. Unlike other contributors to the table,
Mendeleyev predicted the properties of elements yet to be
discovered. As he attempted to classify the elements according
to their chemical properties, he noticed patterns that led him
to postulate his Periodic Table.
Another scientist
who I believe contributed greatly to the world science is Ivan
Petrovich Pavlov, a Russian physiologist and physician
(1849—1936). He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or
Medicine for research pertaining to the digestive system. He is
widely known for first describing the phenomenon now known as
classical conditioning in his experiments with dogs. He
established the basic laws for the establishment and extinction
of what he called "conditional reflexes' — i.e., reflex
responses, like salivation, that only occurred conditional upon
specific previous experiences of the animal.
The history of
Russian literature and arts is full of outstanding people who
contributed to the world's artistic treasure-house. To name only
a few, they are Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy in literature,
Savrasov, Repin, Serov, Vrubel and many others in arts.
Pushkin is
popularly known to be the greatest Russian poet and writer of
all times, and the founder of modern Russian literature. He is
named the sun of Russian poetry' and is known to have pioneered
the use of vernacular speech in his poems and plays and created
a style of storytelling, mixing drama, romance, and satire,
associated with Russian literature ever since and greatly
influencing Russian writers. Critics consider many of his works
masterpieces.
One of the
Russian writers whose name is known to most people is F.
Dostoevsky, who was born in 1821 and died in 1881. He is
considered by many to be a giant of Russian and world
literature. Firstly, he is famous for his understanding of the
human soul and his interest in sin and redemption. Secondly, he
is famous for his powerful but humorless style.
Lev Nikolayevich
Tolstoy (1828—1910) was a Russian novelist, social reformer,
moral thinker. Tolstoy is widely known as one of the greatest of
all novelists, particularly famous for his masterpieces War and
Peace and Anna Karenina; the two books stand at the peak of
realistic fiction. As a moral philosopher he was notable for his
ideas which influenced such twentieth-century figures as Mahatma
Gandhi and Martin Luther King.
(For painters,
see Additional Topics.)
Of many
outstanding British people I admire Admiral Nelson, Sir Isaac
Newton and Charles Darwin most.
Vice Admiral
Horatio Nelson (1758-1805) was a British admiral famous for his
participation in the Napoleonic Wars, most notably in the Battle
of Trafalgar, where he lost his life. He became the greatest
naval hero in the history of the United Kingdom and is one of
the most famous naval commanders in world history. His biography
by the poet Robert Southey appeared in 1813, while the wars were
still being fought. He is honoured by the London landmark of
Nelson's Column, which stands in Trafalgar Square.
Sir Isaac Newton
(1643—1727) was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer,
inventor, who is regarded as one of the most influential
scientists in history. Newton described universal gravitation
and the three laws of motion which formed the basis for
classical mechanics. He was the first to show that the motion of
bodies on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same
natural laws. The unifying power of his laws was integral to the
scientific revolution.
Charles Robert
Darwin (1809—1882) was a British naturalist who achieved lasting
fame by convincing the scientists of the evolution and proposing
the theory that this could be explained through natural
selection. This theory is now considered the central theory in
biology. Fully aware that others had been severely punished for
such 'heretical' ideas, he only confided in his closest friends
and continued his research. In recognition of Darwin's
contribution to the world's science, he was buried in
Aufestminster Abbey, close to Isaac Newton.
Translate the
following sentences into English.
1. История России изобилует великими именами во всех
областях науки и искусства.
2. Среди всех известных русских ученых есть некоторые, чей вклад
в науку наиболее значителен.
3. Жуковский был основателем современной аэро- и гидродинамики.
4. Циолковский был ученым, специализирующимся в области ракет и
пионером космонавтики, который создал теорию полетов в космос;
он рассчитал, что для того, чтобы покинуть Землю, нужна
многоступенчатая ракета на жидком кислороде и водороде,
разработал проекты ракет-носителей и космических станций, его
работы дали толчок работам немецких и американских ученых.
5. Менделеев был русским химиком, который являлся основным
создателем Периодической системы элементов, предсказавшим, таким
образом, свойства элементов и классифицировавшим их в
соответствии с этими химическими свойствами.
6. Другим ученым, который внес большой вклад в мировую науку,
был Павлов, русский физиолог и врач, который был награжден
Нобелевской премией в области физиологии и медицины.
7. Он впервые описал условное поведение, установив, таким
образом, основные законы условных рефлексов.
8. Многие русские писатели внесли вклад в мировую художественную
сокровищницу.
9. Пушкин широко известен как основатель русской литературы,
впервые использовавший разговорную речь и создавший свой стиль
повествования; его называют «солнцем русской поэзии».
10. Достоевский — гигант русской и мировой литературы, известный
своим пониманием человеческой души и интересом к греху и
раскаянию, а также своим ярким стилем.
11. Толстой — это русский писатель-романист, социальный
реформатор и мыслитель-моралист, известный как один из
величайших писателей, чьи книги являются вершинами
реалистической художественной литературы.
12. Нельсон известен своим участием в войнах с Наполеоном и
является одним из самых известных командующих военно-морским
флотом в мировой истории.
13. Ньютон был английским физиком, математиком, астрономом и
изобретателем, который описал всемирное тяготение и три закона
движения.
14. Дарвин был британским естествоиспытателем, который стал
знаменитым, убедив ученых в существовании эволюции и
естественного отбора.
1. The history of
Russia abounds in great names in all fields of science and arts.
2. Of all the famous Russian scientists, there are some whose
contribution to science is the most significant one.
3. Zhukovsky was the founding father of modern aero- and
hydrodynamics.
4. Tsiolkovsky was a rockt scientist and pioneer of cosmonautics
who created the theory of space travel, he calculated that a
multistage rocket fuelled by liquid oxygen and hydrogen is
required to leave the Earth, designed multistage boosters and
space stations; his works gave an impetus to the works of German
and American scientists.
5. Mendeleyev was a Russian chemist who was the primary creator
of the periodic table of elements, thus predicting the
properties of elements and classifying them according to their
chemical properties.
6. Another scientist who contributed greatly to the world
science was Pavlov, a Russian physiologist and physician who was
awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
7. He first described classical conditioning, that is
established basic laws for conditional reflexes.
8. A lot of Russian writers have contributed to the world's
artistic treasure-house.
9. Pushkin is popularly known to be the founder of modern
Russian literature, to have pioneered the use of vernacular
speech; he created his own style of storytelling, and is named
'the sun of Russian poetry'.
10. Dostoevsky is a giant of Russian and world literature,
famous for understanding of the human soul and his interest in
sin and redemption, as well as for his powerful style.
11. Tolstoy is a Russian novelist, social reformer and moral
thinker known as one of the greatest of all novelists whose
books stand at the peak of realistic fiction.
12. Nelson is famous for his participation in the Napoleonic
wars and is one of the most famous naval commanders in world
history.
13. Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer
and inventor who described universal gravitation and the three
laws of motion.
14. Darwin was a British naturalist who achieved fame by
convincing the scientists of the existence of evolution and
natural selection.
Из пособия "ЕГЭ. Английский язык.
Устные темы" Занина Е.Л. (2010, 272с.) - Part
one. English examination topics. Forms 9/11.
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